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VOLUNTEER IN BRAZIL AT A PERMACULTURE FARM

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  • ECOLIBRIUM: Bioconstructing the Future

    ECOLIBRIUM: Bioconstructing the Future

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    The Ecolibrium Space

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    The Ecolibrium Association is a non-profit organization that aims to promote a resilient ecosystem, establishing conscious relationships between agriculture, community, and nature, using permaculture as a tool and values of respect, equality, and collaboration.

    With this, we bring to life this space also called Ecolibrium, which will expand the work already developed by Eco Caminhos, sharing our knowledge of agroforestry and natural building with even more people. Through a broader and more inclusive educational program, we will empower our audience with theoretical knowledge in this space and continue to put skills into practice on our farm. Additionally, we will also seek financial autonomy through ecotourism, organizing courses and events, and selling the products we cultivate.

     

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    The Architectural Project

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    The architectural project, developed by Mexican architect Pedro Pizarro Villalobos, was designed to host volunteers, students, and tourists, and to connect institutions, farmers, and local builders.

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    The building is a large circle and will include collective accommodations, among them dormitories and suites, kitchen, laundry, and bathrooms, as well as a workshop and a multifunctional area for activities, administrative office, and a restaurant with a view of the valley open to the general public, all connected by a large central courtyard.

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    Construction Phases and Strategies

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    The project is divided into three phases, and we are currently in the first. It is in this phase that most of the collective use accommodations are taking shape, such as the kitchen, laundry, two bathrooms, five rooms, and two of the eight suites.

    The main technique used here, as in all our constructions, is cob, also known as adobe, in this case, in solid walls over 40 cm thick, ensuring thermal and acoustic comfort and fulfilling its structural function to support the green roof. As the base of this wall, we use stones, one part below the ground for the foundation, along with a thick layer of gravel and piping for drainage in this area, and another part above, serving to protect the walls from ground moisture and rain since the eaves are not very extensive.

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    Taking advantage of the steep slope of the land, the second phase will be a floor below phases one and three, which we consider the ground floor. For this, a retaining wall will need to be built, along with a structure with pillars that will support the third phase. In this case, the walls will be only partitions, which can be thinner and consequently require less material, speeding up the process. Thus, we opted for the so-called wattle and daub technique, using a lattice of wood and bamboo, later covered with cob.

    In the second stage, the executive and educational sector predominates, where the administrative office, workshop, and multifunctional space will be located.

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    The third phase will be built on top of the second phase, completing the ground floor circle and creating a large internal courtyard. At the front of the building, a wooden deck extends towards the valley. This phase will include the entire structure of the restaurant, which is still under development, and the other suites.

    In this case, the chosen technique was also rammed earth, due to its lighter weight, which demands less from the underlying structure. For the coverage of the entire set, a green roof was planned, as it not only uses natural raw materials, prevents heat transfer to the surroundings, keeps the internal temperature pleasant, but also looks aesthetically amazing and maintains the characteristic of the buildings on the farm.

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    First Phase – Construction Stages

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    Executed Stages:

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    1.FOUNDATION: consisting of a high layer of gravel approximately 1 meter thick, with a drainage system and covered by large stones bonded with concrete;

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    2. WALLS – BASE: a stone wall approximately 40cm wide and 60cm high, elevating the earth wall from the ground and where wooden posts were fixed to support the walls; in this stage, we also left the hydraulic connections;

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    3. WALLS – COB: we obtained cob through a mixture of earth, sand, grass, and water, and it is essentially the core of the construction. We lay layers of 40cm width and structure the walls. For each layer of approximately 30cm height, we place bamboo slats across the posts to ensure more resistance to possible movements. At this stage, we also install conduits for electrical wiring;

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    4. LINTELS – for the door and window openings, we used planks from railway sleepers, which are repurposed and very durable. These will later be used to install the frames and also act as lintels. After installing them, we continue to raise the walls;

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    Stage in progress:

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    5. WOODEN “RING”: when we reach a wall height of 2.50 meters, we place wooden beams over them, fitting them in and creating a kind of belt around the structure. After this, we continue with cob in a diagonal to create the roof slope;

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    Next Stages:

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    6. BEAMS AND PURLINS: we will place wooden beams perpendicularly to the walls to support the roof, and over them, the purlins;

    7. CEILING COVERING: the purlins will receive wooden boards that make up the ceiling and will later receive the green roof;

    8. GREEN ROOF: consists of a waterproofing system, a drainage system, and a substrate where plant species will be planted. We decided to cover this part of the work before finishing the veranda side because we are entering the rainy season, and with the covering, we can continue working internally;

    9. VERANDA: we will execute the foundation for the columns, which will be pieces of railway sleepers measuring 16x24cm and will have the same roofing structure as the building;

    10. SUBFLOOR AND FLOOR: the ground will receive a layer of expanded clay for thermal insulation, a concrete layer, and a stone floor covering, which will be easy to maintain and resistant to the high traffic the location will receive;

    11. FINISHES: at this stage, the walls will be covered with plaster and stucco, using a mixture of clay, sand, ground straw, and lime for internal use, and a mixture of clay, sand, fresh manure, and linseed oil for external use. Electrical, hydraulic installations, and frames will also be completed.

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    The stages were defined in this sequence due to the rainy season, which usually begins at the end of September. Therefore, we are speeding up to cover what has been done so far, postponing the veranda construction and thus enabling the completion of the final finishes under the covering.

    We started the work in February 2024, thanks to donations from partners and to our collaborators, apprentices, and temporary volunteers, who literally got their hands dirty, guided and supervised by builder Jorge Dutra and director Bart Bijen. We are now focusing our efforts on completing this first phase and raising funds for the next phases.

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    Collaborators:

    [/vc_column_text][gap size=”30px” id=”” class=”” style=””][vc_column_text css=””]Architectural Project: Pedro Pizarro Villalobos
    Construction Manager: Arthur Antony
    Construction Master: Jorge Dutra
    Construction Team: Rhana Parajara, Wallace Ferreira and Pedro Lindemann
    Project Detailing and Construction Team: Alieska Zancanaro[/vc_column_text][gap size=”30px” id=”” class=”” style=””][vc_column_text css=””]

    Investor Partners:

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  • Digital Nomads Redefine Remote Work on Eco Farms

    Digital Nomads Redefine Remote Work on Eco Farms

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    For centuries, the promise of work and prosperity has drawn people from rural areas to bustling cities, but for many young professionals, the pendulum is swinging in the opposite direction. As a large portion of the job market moves online, many digital nomads are leaving urban life behind in favor of a slower, more sustainable existence in rural settings. Through programs like Nomad Farm, remote workers are exploring rural destinations around the world and learning about self-sufficiency and sustainable living on permaculture farms.

    Sustainability

    sustainability_education_farmPermaculture is a system that combines traditional agricultural practices with scientific knowledge to create sustainable farming systems that mimic natural processes. A key feature of permaculture farming is the pursuit of sustainable living, where we work in harmony with nature. Through permaculture, people grow their own food, reduce waste, build sustainable homes using natural building techniques, manage water systems, and engage in other practices. Digital nomads working on a permaculture farm can gain valuable insights into ecological practices and contribute to a more sustainable way of life.

     

    Well-being
    eco caminhos agriculture permaculture agroforestry organic bioconstruction

    Another appeal of permaculture is that it allows for a connection with nature. Research indicates that being immersed in nature significantly reduces stress, as farm life encourages habits that benefit physical and mental health in various ways. Engaging in outdoor tasks like hiking, cycling, trekking, and visiting waterfalls promotes a healthier lifestyle. In an era of mass-produced food, fresh farm produce stands out as a way to enhance nutrition and overall well-being. For digital nomads, living on a farm creates a routine conducive to improved mental health and enhanced physical fitness.

     

    Community

    One of the most rewarding aspects of permaculture farming is the community. Unlike the anonymity often found in cities, these small eco-farms offer a close-knit and welcoming environment. From shared meals and collaborative work on the farm to local festivals and gatherings, there are abundant opportunities to connect and build meaningful relationships. Becoming integrated into this community not only enriches the living experience but also fosters a sense of belonging and support.

     

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    Intercultural exchange

    Many permaculture farms are open to visitors from various places. Living on a farm offers a unique opportunity to immerse oneself in the host country’s culture and interact with people from around the world. This experience includes engaging in the agricultural, building, and culinary traditions of the region. Living alongside people from other countries allows for the exchange and blending of ideas, arts, music, and meals from diverse cultures. The richness of this environment provides personal and professional growth, enabling digital nomads to gain new perspectives and skills that go beyond their work.

     

    Experience Nomad Farm Life at Eco Caminhos!

     We are excited to announce a special partnership between Nomad Farm and Eco Caminhos, from November 17 to December 15. This collaboration allows digital nomads to work remotely at Eco Caminhos through our partnership with Nomad Farm. At Eco Caminhos, Nomad Farmers will have the opportunity to work in a picturesque setting, interact with a vibrant international community, and contribute to environmental sustainability through hands-on practices in agroforestry and natural building. For more information about this coworking and coliving experience, visit the Nomad Farm website.

     nomad farm logo

    [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][gap size=”30px” id=”” class=”” style=””][swmsc_promotion_box title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_text_size=”22″ sub_text=”You can learn more about the details and register through Nomad Farm” sub_text_color=”#ffffff” sub_text_size=”13″ button_text=”Register Now!” target=”_self” button_link=”https://www.nomadfarm.co/eco-caminhos” button_bg=”#90be54″ button_border_color=”#90be54″ button_text_color=”#ffffff” display_style=”default” box_background=”#262626″ border=”true” id=”” class=”” style=””]Interested in joining the retreat?[/swmsc_promotion_box][swmsc_simple_section id=”” class=”” style=””][gap size=”30px” id=”” class=”” style=””][gap size=”30px” id=”” class=”” style=””][swmsc_text_block id=”” class=”” style=””]

    What’s Included in the Retreat?

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    Workshops

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    ♻️ Permaculture Presentation workshop

    🪵 Bioconstruction Presentation and workshop

    🌱 Future Ecolibrium project Presentation

    🥭 Agroforestry workshop

    🧀 Making cheese workshop

    🧼 Making Soap workshop

    🐄 Milking cows workshop

    👩‍🌾 3 Hands on farm days per week (optional)

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    Comodidades

    🍳 Breakfast on weekdays*

    🥘 Lunch on weekdays*

    ☕ Daily coffee

    💻 Coworking space & wifi

    🍴 Access to shared kitchen

    🧺 Access to laundry facility

    🫧 Weekly room & house cleaning

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    Recreation

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    ⛰️ 4 guided hikes in the mountains

    👙 1 Visit to Waterfall

    💌 Daily community gatherings & activities

    🚴 Access to mountain bikes

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  • Farm Rehab: Healing Depression Holistically

    Farm Rehab: Healing Depression Holistically

    Healing Depression in the Modern World

    Depression affects 280 million people globally, according to the World Health Organization. The causes are multifaceted, ranging from trauma and social isolation to the consumption of ultra-processed foods, societal inequality, lack of sleep, over-engagement in mentally passive activities, and global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. As the world modernizes, more individuals adopt a sedentary lifestyle, leading to reduced outdoor activity, poor diets, and increased isolation.

    Given the complex interplay of personal and societal factors underlying depression, many struggle to find a way out. Theoretical insights and empirical research provide valuable guidance on addressing depression effectively.

    The Power of Nature

    Studies consistently show that interacting with nature can significantly alleviate depression symptoms. Research published in Frontiers in Psychology found that spending time in natural settings reduces stress, enhances mood, and improves overall mental health (Berman et al., 2012). Similarly, a study in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health linked exposure to green spaces with lower levels of depression and anxiety (Wang et al., 2014). Additionally, research in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine demonstrated that forest bathing, or spending time in forest environments, can lower cortisol levels and improve mood (Park et al., 2010).

     group of hikers walking in the forest with tres picos in the background

    Healthy Eatingan holding basket of oranic produce

    Recent research highlights the strong connection between gut health and mental health, particularly depression. A study in Psychiatry Research found that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating mood and mental health, with imbalances in gut bacteria linked to higher rates of depression and anxiety (Dinan & Cryan, 2017). Another study in Molecular Psychiatry revealed that dietary interventions promoting a healthy gut microbiome, such as consuming probiotics and fiber-rich foods, can significantly alleviate depressive symptoms (Sarris et al., 2015). Research in Nutritional Neuroscience also shows that diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are associated with lower risks of depression (Lai et al., 2014).

     

    three people with arms around each other smiling

    Social Connection and Support

    Strong social connections are vital for mental well-being. Engaging in community activities and forming meaningful relationships can significantly reduce feelings of isolation and depression. Studies have shown that social support networks can buffer the effects of stress and promote mental health (Cohen & Wills, 1985). Living in a community where genuine social connections are fostered provides emotional support and a sense of belonging.

    Establishing Healthy Routines

    Maintaining a simple lifestyle and structured routine can significantly benefit those struggling with depression. Research indicates that routine physical activity and structured daily schedules help regulate mood and improve mental health outcomes (Blumenthal et al., 1999). Establishing healthy habits and a consistent daily routine can provide stability and predictability, which are crucial for individuals recovering from depression.

    How Eco Caminhos Rehabilitation Works 

    At Eco Caminhos, we integrate these theoretical insights and empirical findings into our rehabilitation approach. Our program emphasizes nature immersion, healthy eating, community support, and a simple, structured lifestyle to foster holistic recovery from depression.

    Immersive Nature Experience

    Our farm, nestled in the breathtaking mountains of Cardinot, Nova Friburgo in the Atlantic Forest, provides an ideal setting for participants to experience the healing benefits of nature. Participants engage in active agroforestry, planting, maintenance and natural building practices that connect them deeply with the environment. In our free time we also go on hikes, swim in stunning waterfalls and gather around bonfires.

    holistic healing for depression gut healthFarm Fresh Meals

    We prioritize a balanced diet that supports gut health. A typical lunch at Eco Caminhos includes whole grain rice, black beans, bell pepper and broccoli pasta, farm-raised meat in tomato gravy, inhame, stir-fried broccoli and kale, and garden salad with freshly squeezed lemonade. This nutritious diet promotes a thriving gut microbiome, enhancing physical and mental health.

    Community Support

    Our community fosters genuine social connections through activities like social nights, game playing, and fireside chats, replacing TV watching and doom scrolling. Our community of local and international volunteers, emphasizes respect and teamwork. Weekly meetings allow for open discussions about work, life, and differences, always stressing respectful communication. Each client receives personalized support through frequent conversations and weekly feedback sessions with our experienced founder and director, providing a framework for personal exploration and understanding.

    Simple Living and Structure

    At Eco Caminhos, our simple lifestyle allows participants to focus on what truly matters. Routine physical activity, such as bioconstruction and agroforestry, is vital to our program. Structure is crucial for restoring healthy living, as depression often disrupts daily schedules and habits. Our day starts at 7 am and ends at 4 pm, with a one-hour lunch break at noon. Participants wake up early and go to sleep early. We believe getting back to the basics is the best route towards recovery.

     healing depression holistically retreat rehabilitation

     

    To learn more about our rehabilitation program and read testimonials from participants, please visit the Eco Caminhos Rehabilitation page on our website. You can apply for our rehabilitation program by filling out the application form.

    Citations

    1. Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2012). The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting with Nature. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1-8. Link
    2. Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017). Gut Microbiota: A New Frontier in Psychiatry. Psychiatry Research, 249, 1-7. Link
    3. Lai, J. S., Hiles, S., Bisquera, A., & Mickey, M. (2014). The Relationship between Diet and Depression: A Review. Nutritional Neuroscience, 17(3), 161-171. Link
    4. Park, B. J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Kasetani, T., & Kagawa, T. (2010). The Physiological Effects of Shinrin-Yoku (Taking in the Forest Atmosphere or Forest Bathing): Evidence from Field Experiments in 24 Forests Across Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 16-24. Link
    5. Sarris, J., Logan, A. C., & Bassett, H. (2015). Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Management of Depression: A Review. Molecular Psychiatry, 20(5), 523-534. Link
    6. Social Isolation and Social Media Use. (n.d.). Child Mind Institute. Retrieved from Child Mind Institute
    7. Ultra-Processed Foods. (n.d.). Harvard Health. Retrieved from Harvard Health
    8. Lack of Sleep. (2023, October 19). The Washington Post. Retrieved from Washington Post
    9. Covid-19 Pandemic Impact. (2022, March 2). World Health Organization. Retrieved from WHO
  • Taioba: The Green Treasure of Agroforestry

    Taioba: The Green Treasure of Agroforestry

    Taioba, a leafy green native to South America, is a key player here at Eco Caminhos farm due to its health benefits and usefulness within agroforestry. This plant can be found in kitchens across Brazil, Africa, and Trinidad and Tobago. In this article, we will explore the wonders of taioba, from its ecological role to its culinary applications.

     

    taioba leaves in a crate with natural cob walls in the backgroung

     

    Taioba and the Agroforestry System

    Taioba (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) serves various functions within agroforestry systems. Amidst the diversity of plants, taioba not only thrives, but also helps maintain soil moisture and protect against erosion, thanks to its large leaves. Taioba leaves act as a living mulch, helping to keep the soil fluffy and moist. This characteristic is essential for protecting tree roots and providing shade for small coffee seedlings, creating a more favorable environment for their initial development.  Its presence contributes significantly to the health of the ecosystem, promoting biological diversity and agricultural sustainability.

    In the pictures to the right you can see our agroforestry systems (SAF) at different stages. In the newly planted SAF (left), it is easy to see how taioba creates shade for the coffee seedling below. The more mature SAF (right) shows inhame which serves a similar role as the taioba amongst a larger diversity of more mature plants. Be warned that the inhame leaf, while similar in appearance and function within agroforestry to the taioba, is not safe for consumption; however, inhame root is edible and delicious. 

    agroforestry system with inga, banana, taioba, and coffee
    See how taioba interacts with other plants in a five month old agroforestry system
    a mature agroforestry system with eucalyptus, banana, inhame, lemongrass, and coffee. Developed using permaculture systems
    The inhame plays a similar role to taioba here in this mature agroforestry system

     

     

    Health Benefits & Preparation

    In addition to its functions within an agroforestry system, taioba is a rich source of essential nutrients. Rich in vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron, taioba offers significant health benefits, including strengthening the immune system, promoting eye health and maintaining healthy bones and teeth. Furthermore, its low calories make it an excellent food to include in balanced diets.

    However, taioba requires proper preparation because it contains oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is also found in foods like spinach and other leafy green vegetables. When consumed in large quantities, oxalic acid can cause irritation to the mucous membranes. Proper preparation of taioba, mainly through cooking, nullifies these adverse effects, making it safe for consumption. Traditionally taioba leaves are consumed cooked in stews, soups, or pies. When cooked, this leafy green has a mild and pleasant flavor.

     

    Taioba Refogada (Stir-fry) Recipe

    Ingredients:

    • 1 bunch of taioba (1o leaves)
    • 2 cloves of garlic
    • 2 tablespoons of olive oil
    • Salt to taste

    Steps:

    1. Wash the leaves well under running water to remove any dirt or residue.
    2. Remove the stalk and cut into strips or pieces.

    3. Saute garlic in olive oil over medium heat until fragrant.
    4. Add in the taioba and salt to taste.
    5. Stir occasionally, until the taioba has reduced to about half of its original volume.
    6. After the taioba has reduced to 50% of its original volume, turn the heat to low.
    7.  When the taioba has cooked down to a texture reminiscent of cooked spinach, it’s ready to serve and enjoy!

     

  • Evapotranspiration Basin – What is it?

    Evapotranspiration Basin – What is it?

    What is an evapotranspiration basin? It is a wastewater treatment system that uses plants and soil to remove impurities and purify water. Also known as constructed wetland or floating root zone, however, it mimics the natural water filtration and purification processes that occur in swamps and wetlands.

     

    Evapotranspiration is the sum of the processes of evaporation and transpiration.
    Eco Caminhos website logo

     

    How does Evapotranspiration occur in the basin?

    It occurs when water is transferred to the atmosphere from surface water movements, processes known as evaporation and transpiration. Evapotranspiration depends on these two distinct processes, as they occur simultaneously on the Earth’s surface.

    In general, it can be measured in millimeters per day (mm/day) with vegetated water tanks. One millimeter means transferring one liter of water available from the soil into the atmosphere for each square meter of the surface.

    In short, evapotranspiration depends on several factors, such as soil management, use and humidity, climatic conditions, due to the incidence of solar radiation and temperature, and characteristics of the vegetation in question. It can be divided into actual, potential, reference evapotranspiration and crop evapotranspiration.

     

    Processes that make up an evapotranspiration basin

     

     

    Evaporation and Transpiration

    primeira camada de materiais: pneus e pedra rachão.Evaporation is a physical process of phase change, which occurs from the liquid state to the gaseous state of water.

    It occurs in oceans, lakes, rivers, soils and vegetation. It is worth mentioning that evaporation is an endothermic transformation. This means that it absorbs heat during its occurrence.

    Transpiration is a biophysical process in which a plant expels excess water through its leaves. The process of transferring the water used in the plant’s metabolism to the atmosphere occurs through the stomata and the cuticle.

    eco caminhos website logo 2

     

     

    ecolibrium project logogrupo de pessoas trabalhando na construção de uma bacia

    Stomata are located in the epidermis of the leaves, generally in their lower part. These structures have the ability to open and close, allowing the exchange of gases with the environment and the escape of steam.

    On the other hand, the cuticle that covers the leaves can be considered waterproof. Thus, there is only a small loss of water into the atmosphere.

    Evapotranspiration in arid environments

    In arid environments it can be a challenging process due to the lack of humidity and the scarcity of available water. However, even in arid environments, evapotranspiration still occurs, albeit at lower rates than in wetter areas.

     

    Evapotranspiration is the combination of evaporation of water from the soil and transpiration from plants. In arid environments, evaporation is more significant than transpiration, due to the lack of vegetation and low soil moisture.

    precipitação, evaporação e transpiração

    Evaporation occurs when water in the ground turns to vapor due to solar energy and heat. In arid environments, lack of soil moisture and high temperature can result in faster evaporation.

     

    In arid environments, plant transpiration also occurs, although on a smaller scale due to the lack of vegetation. Plants in arid environments often have special adaptations to conserve water, to reduce water loss through transpiration.

    Understanding these processes in arid environments is fundamental to the sustainable management of water resources in these areas.

    modelo de uma bacia de evapotranspiração

     

    What are the types of evapotranspiration?

     

     

    preenchendo bacia com camada de terra.

    Actual or current (ET): The amount of water that is brought into the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration, considering actual conditions, including the amount of water available in the soil and the atmospheric factors in effect.

    Potential (ETp): Measure of the amount of water that is released into the atmosphere through the combined processes of evaporation and transpiration in a wide region covered by vegetation.

    Reference (ETo): is a measure of the amount of water delivered to the atmosphere when there is high availability of water in the soil.

    Oasis (ETO): is the process of evaporation and transpiration that occurs in a region of irrigated vegetation, delimited by a vast area of aridity.

    Of the crop (ETc): refers to the evapotranspiration of a crop under ideal development conditions, without water restrictions.

     

     

     

    What is the role of Evapotranspiration in Permaculture?

     

    ilustração do papel da evapotranspiração na permacultura.

    In permaculture, the role of evapotranspiration is crucial to the functioning of the system. Through the combined process of evaporation of water from the soil and transpiration of plants.

     

    In permaculture, evapotranspiration plays several important roles:

     

    • Water cycle:

      When water evaporates from the surface of the soil and plants, forming clouds and eventually returning to the earth as rain, this helps maintain the water balance of the permaculture system.

     

    • Temperature regulation:

      When water evaporates from plants and soil, it removes heat from the environment, cooling it. This is especially important in hot climates, where evapotranspiration can help reduce temperatures and create a more comfortable environment for plants and living things.

     

    • Air humidity:

      Increased by releasing water vapor into the atmosphere. This is beneficial for plants as it helps prevent drying out and dehydration. Furthermore, air humidity can attract pollinators and benefit biodiversity in the permaculture system.

     

    • Nutrients and water cycling:

      It also facilitates nutrient cycling in the permaculture system. As water evaporates, nutrients dissolved in the water are transported to plants, where they are used for growth and development. When plants transpire, these nutrients are returned to the soil, enriching it and promoting fertility.

    imagem aerea pessoas espalhando brita na bacia de evapotranspiração.

    vista ensolarada bacia de evapotranspiração.

    In summary…

     

    Evapotranspiration plays a transformative role in permaculture, for the water cycle, regulating temperature, increasing air humidity and facilitating nutrient cycling. Understanding and harnessing this process is fundamental to the success of a sustainable permaculture system.

    pessoas sentadas em torno de uma bacia de evapotranspiração

    Research Source: https://www.saude.pr.gov.br/sites/default/arquivos_restritos/files/documento/2020-04/baciadeevotranspiracaobet.pdf